Understand how blood pressure affects blood flow rate

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The objectives of this exercise are as follows:
1. Understand
the use of the terms insulin, type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and glucose standard curve.
2. Understand
how fasting plasma glucose levels are used to diagnose diabetes mellitus.
3. Understand
the assay that is used to measure plasma glucose.
The
Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular
system(also known as the circulatory system) is composed of the organs
and tissues involved in circulating blood and lymph through the body. The
heart, blood, and blood vessels make up the cardiovascular system, which
services all of the cells in the body. Wastes are taken away and exchanged with
oxygen and food nutrients. Common problems of the cardiovascular system include
aneurysms, atherosclerosis, heart disease, high blood pressure, and varicose
veins.
In this lab, you will address the following:
·
Identify the major endocrine glands and tissues
·
Demonstrate an understanding of the cardiovascular and the
circulatory system
·
Apply background knowledge to the major respiratory structures as
well as describe the functions of each
You are to write a 1-page Lab Report using the
Scientific Method sections below. Your Pearson report is your data to support
your report. Attach the Pearson report as part of your lab report results. The
Pearson questions are to help you understand the topic and may be used in your
report to support your findings.
Complete
the steps of the scientific method for your lab option choice. Use these
headings in your paper, please.
Purpose:
State the purpose of the lab.
Introduction:
This is an investigation of what is currently
known about the question being asked. Use background information from credible
references to write a short summary about concepts in the lab. List and cite
references in APA style.
Hypothesis
/ Predicted Outcome:
An hypothesis is an “educated guess.” Based on
what you have learned and written about in the Introduction, state what you
expect to be the results of the lab procedures.
Methods:
Summarize the procedures that you used in the
lab.
The Methods section should also state clearly
how data (numbers) were collected during the lab; these will be reported in the
Results/ Outcome section.
Results/Outcome:
Provide here any results / data that were
generated doing the lab procedure.
Discussion/Analysis:
In this section, state clearly whether you
obtained the expected results, and the outcome was as expected. Note: You can
use answers to any multiple choice or essay questions you filled out in the lab
to help you discuss the results and what you learned.
Provide references in APA format. This includes
a reference list and in-text citations for references used in the Introduction
section.
Give your paper a title and number and identify
each section as specified above. Although the hypothesis will be a one sentence
answer, the other sections will need to be paragraphs to adequately explain
your experiment.
Submit your assignment as a MS Word document.
Please
submit your assignment.

The Endocrine,
Cardiovascular (Circulatory)and Respiratory: Systems and Diseases – Copy
Learning Goal:
Identify common
funtions and diseases of the endocrine, cardiovascular (circulatory) and
respiratory system.
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Prerequisite Knowledge:Before beginning this lab, you should be
familiar with these concepts.
·
Identify the major
endocrine glands and tissues
·
Demonstrate an
understanding of the cardiovascular and the circulatory system
·
Apply background
knowledge to the major respiratory structures as well as being able to describe
the functions of each
Part A -The Endocrine System
The Endocrine System
The endocrine system is made up of glands that
secrete chemicals called ‘hormones’ into the bloodstream or surrounding
tissues. Together with the nervous system and the immune system, the endocrine
system helps the body to cope with different events and stresses. The endocrine
system include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal
glands, pancreas, ovaries and testes.
Endocrine Orientation Tutorial
.interactivephysiology.com/ip10/endocrine/endorient/topic1.html”>CLICK HERE

Endocrine Glands: Hormones and Functions
Tutorial
.interactivephysiology.com/ip10/endocrine/endorev/topic3.html”>CLICK HERE

Lab Procedure
Step 1: Click on the first link above for an Orientation
to the Endocrine system
Step 2: Next Click on Endocrine Glands: Hormones and
Functions. Listen to the introduction and at the completion click over
thePancreasto learn more about its function and the release of
Insulin
Step 3: Click the enlarged gland of the Pancreas to learn
about the targets and functions of the Pancreas.
Step 4: Follow the instructions to click on the Beta Cell
to learn more about the function of Insulin.
Step 5: Answer the multiple choice questions tha follow.

Beta Cells in the
Pancreas create ___________.

Somatostatin

Insulin

Glucagon

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Part B -Knowledge Check
The end result of
insulin is ____________.

Increased level of glucose

Decreased levels of gluose

Neither

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Part C -Knowledge Check
Endocrine cells in the
Pancreas provide good access to the _________.

Circulatory system

Cardiovascular system

Respiratory system

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Part D -Knowledge Check
Insulin promotes
glycogen synthesis in:

Liver and adipose tissue

Muscles and adipose tissue

Liver and muscle

All of the above

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Part E -Diabetes (Type 1 and
2) Lab
Diabetes is a group of
metabolic diseases characterized by a failure to secrete enough insulin.
It is characterized by high blood sugar either because the body does not
produce enough insulin or alternatively the body’s cells do not respond to the insulin
produced. There are three main types of diabetes: Type 1 which typically
occurs during childhood (juvenile diabetes), Type 2 which often is triggered
during adulthood from poor health and obesity, and the much less common
Gestational Diabetes which can be temporary and triggered during pregnancy.
Diabetes can be a result of other conditions such as genetic syndromes,
chemicals, drugs, malnutrition, infections, viruses, or other illnesses.
The objectives of this exercise are to:
1. Understand the use of
the terms insulin, type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and
glucose standard curve.
2. Understand how
fasting plasma glucose levels are used to diagnose diabetes mellitus.
3. Understand the assay
that is used to measure plasma glucose.

Plasma Glucose, Insulin, and Diabetes Mellitus
.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_0mastering/aandp/physioex9/activities/activity_4-2.html”>CLICK HERE
Procedure:
Step 1: Click on the Link above
Step 2: Complete the Lab on Plasma Glucose,
Insulin and Diaetes Mellitus
Step 3: Answer the Lab Questions that follow

Glucose is stored in the human body as
_____________.

Insulin

Glucagon

Glycogen

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Part F -Lab Questions
Which hormone
stimulates the breakdown of polymeritzed glucose?

Glycogen

Insulin

Glucagon

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Part G -Lab Questions
Glucose remains in the
bloodstream as a result of _______.

Diabetes insipidus

When the transport maximum for
reabsorption in the kidney tubules is exceeded, as a result of type 1
diabetes or as a result of type 2 diabetes

Too much insulin

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Part H -The Cardiovascular
System
The Cardiovascular System(also known as the Circulatory System)
The Cardiovascular System is composed of the
organs and tissues involved in circulating blood and lymph through the
body. The heart, blood and blood vessels make up the cardiovascular
system, which services all the cells in the body. Wastes are taken away and
exchanged with oxygen and food nutrients. Common problems of the cardiovascular
system include an aneurysm, atherosclerosis, heart disease, high blood pressure
and varicose veins.
Procedure:
Step 1: Click on the media link below to get an
Introduction to the Heart and the Cardiovascular system.

Step 2: Click to Slide 3 to see an anatomy view
of the heart. Click over the image to enlarge the image of the
heart.
Step 3: While on Slide 3 viewing the anatomy of
the heart, Click on the heart in each of the different views (Anterior, Right
Lateral, Posterior, Left Lateral) to see a cut-away-view of the heart. In
each view click on the labels of the heart to learn about individual heart
functions.

Step 4: Skip to Slide 5 showing circulation in
the body.

Step 1:Introduction to the Heart
.interactivephysiology.com/ip10/cardio/heartrev/topic1.html”>CLICK HERE
Step 2:Heart View
.interactivephysiology.com/ip10/cardio/heartrev/topic3.html”>CLICK HERE
Step
3:Heart
Circulation
.interactivephysiology.com/ip10/cardio/heartrev/topic5.html”>CLICK HERE
What does the cardiovascularsystem consist of and how does it serve the
human body?

The
cardiovascular system is consist of the organ and tissue involved in
circulating blood and
lymph
through the body it help heart blood and blood vessels.
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Part I
– Introduction to Heart Disease
Coronary heart disease is characterized by a
narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis). Fatty deposits, or plaques, cling
to the artery walls and can clog the arteries, making it more likely that a
blood clot will form.

A heart attack occurs when a blood clot blocks
one of the arteries of the heart. This prevents the flow of blood, cuts off the
oxygen supply to the heart and damages or kills the heart cells. Some foods
increase the risk of coronary heart disease, others may protect against it.
Uncontrolled diabetes can contribute to coronary heart disease.

Characteristics of Heart disease
Coronary heart disease is characterized by a
narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis). Fatty deposits, or plaques, cling
to the artery walls and can clog the arteries, making it more likely that a
blood clot will form.

A heart attack occurs when a blood clot blocks
one of the arteries of the heart. This prevents the flow of blood, cuts off the
oxygen supply to the heart and damages or kills the heart cells.

Risk factors for heart disease

A number of factors are associated with the
build-up of fatty deposits in the coronary arteries, including cigarette
smoking, lack of physical activity and a family history of the disease.
Other risk factors include:
· Type of fat eaten– saturated and trans fats increase blood
cholesterol and heart attack rates. Polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats
lower the risk of heart attacks.
· Obesity– many overweight and obese people have diets high in fat,
particularly saturated fat. A person who carries the bulk of their body fat
around their stomach (an ‘apple’ shaped body) is at greater risk of heart
disease than someone whose body fat tends to settle around their bottom, hips
and thighs (a ‘pear’ shaped body).

· High blood pressure(hypertension)– blood pressure is the amount of pressure
within the arteries (blood vessels that carry blood around the body). High
blood pressure, or hypertension, means that the pressure in the arteries is
higher than normal. This may be because the arteries are less elastic, there is
more blood volume or more blood is being pumped out of the heart.

What is Coronary Heart Disease characterized by
and how can a person lower the risk of contracting heart disease?
It
is characterized by accumulation of fatty deposits along the innermost layer of
the coronary.
A
person can low the risk of contracting a heart disease watching you cholesterol
intake.
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Part J -Effects of Blood
Pressure on Blood Flow – Lab
In this lab you will
learn about the effect of blood pressure on blood flow rate.

1. Understand how
blood pressure affects blood flow rate
2. Understand what structure
produces blood pressure in the human body
3. Understand the
relation of Blood pressure to diseases such as Heart Disease.

Studying the Effect of Blood Pressure on Blood
Flow Rate
.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_0mastering/aandp/physioex9/activities/activity_5-4.html”>CLICK HERE
Procedure:
Step 1:Click on the link above to launch the Lab, Studying the Effect
of Blood Pressure on Blood Flow Rate. Read the overview and the introduction
and then answer the Pre-lab Quiz questions at the bottom.
Step 2:Once you’ve completed the questions proceed to
theExperimentand follow the directions to complete the
Lab. Answer all of the questions throughout the Lab.
Step 3:Save your data to a PDF.
Step 4: Then answer the Lab Questions that
follow.

In this activity, which variable will be
changed?

vessel length

vessel radius

pressure

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Part K -Lab Questions
Blood flow is _______.

directly proportional to the
pressure gradient

inversely proportional to the
pressure gradient

inversely proportional to cardiac
output

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Part L -Lab Questions
Arteries that are
closer to the heart _______.

have less elastic tissue and must
be able to withstand pressure changes

have more elastic tissue

have more elastic tissue and must
be able to withstand pressure changes

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Part M -The Respiratory System
The Respiratory System
The main organ of the respiratory system is
the lungs. Our lungs breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. This
exchange of gases is vital to life. Breathing depends on the diaphragm, a sheet
of muscle slung beneath the lungs inside the ribcage. Common problems of the respiratory
system include asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, hay-fever, influenza, laryngitis
and pneumonia.
In this lab you will learn about the
anatomy of the respiratory system and how the emphysema disease impacts lung
function.
Procedure:
Step 1: Click on the respiratory anatomy
review link.
Step 2: Click on the link to learn about the
respiratory system organs.
Step 3: Then answer the Short Essay Questions.
Respiratory: Anatomy Review
.interactivephysiology.com/ip10/respiratory/resprev/topic1.html”>CLICK HERE
Respiratory:
Resp System Organs
.interactivephysiology.com/ip10/respiratory/resprev/topic3.html”>CLICK HERE

What process does breathing depend on?
Breath
depend on the diaphragm ,a sheet of muscle slung beneath the lung inside the
ribcage.
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Part N -Introduction to
Emphysema – Lab
Introduction to
Emphysema
Emphysema is the most common respiratory
disease in the United States, and is the fourth most common cause of death
overall. Emphysema is for the most part caused by smoking and 80-90% of
heavy smoking is the cause of the disease. Normal functioning lungs are
elastic, however emphysema causes lung tissue to become less elastic and as the
disease progresses, coughing and shortness of breath occur. In the later
stages, the lungs cannot supply enough oxygen to the blood.

In this lab you will explore comparative
spirometry to better understand the impacts of diseases such as emphysema.
Procedure:
Step 1: Click on the link below to launch the
Comparative Spirometry Lab. Read the overview and the introduction and then
answer the Pre-lab Quiz questions 1-3 below.
Step 2: After answer the multiple questions
below proceed to the experiment.
Step 3: Start the experiment carefully
following the lab directions. Answer each question to the best of your
knowledge while moving through each stage of the experiment: Normal, Emphysema,
Acute Asthma, Plus Inhaler, Moderate Exercise, and Heavy Exercise.
Step 4: At the end of the exercise Save
your results to a PDF labeled:Spirometry Lab
Step 5: Complete the Lab Questions that
follow.
Comparative Spirometry
.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_0mastering/aandp/physioex9/activities/activity_7-2.html”>CLICK HERE
Why is normal exhalation passive?

Elastic tissue in the lungs
recoils

Respiratory muscles are relaxing and elastic tissue in the
lungs recoils

The diaphragm is involuntarily controlled

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Part O -Lab Questions
With emphysema, the
muscles that contract with normal exhalation include which of the following?

internal intercostals

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

abdominal muscles

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Part P -Lab Questions
During an acute asthma
attack, the obstruction is caused by _______.

a spasm of the diaphragm

destruction of the walls of the
alveoli

bronchiole smooth muscle spasms

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