Describe the structure of a nucleotide by indicating the three parts

QUESTIONS BELOW:
ANSWER ALL AND CITE IF NEEDED. DO NOT RENUMBER KEEP IN ORDER. DO NOT PARAGRAPH
ANSWER IN NUMBER SEQUENCE. QUESTIONS BELOW. Highlight
answers.

1. Describe the structure of a nucleotide by
indicating the three parts of the nucleotide.
Which part(s) form the “backbone” of the DNA molecule? Which part(s) form the “rungs”?

2. List the
name and abbreviation of each of the four nucleotides found in DNA?

3. What type of chemical bond holds the two
strands of DNA together? Are these bonds relatively strong or relatively weak
compared to covalent bonds?

4.
Below is a list of the abbreviations of the 4 nucleotides found in
DNA. Next to each, write the
abbreviation of the nucleotide or nucleotides to which it can bond to create a
“rung” linking two DNA strands together.
A –
T –
G –
C –

5. If all DNA
is built of the same building blocks and always forms a double helix, what
feature of each individual’s DNA structure is unique?

6. List at
least three examples of why cells in your body must reproduce.
a.
b.
c.

7. List and
describe the basic steps of DNA replication.
In your answer be sure to include the terms “complementary base pairing”
and “semi-conservative replication”.

1. Describe the
basic structure of an amino acid. What
distinguishes amino acids from one another?

2. Proteins
begin as chains of amino acids. Justify
the statement that changing a protein’s amino acid sequence can change its
function.

3. What
specific feature of a protein will be changed if the nucleotide sequence of its
gene is changed? How will this change
affect a protein’s three-dimensional structure?

4. Name and describe the function of the two components of a eukaryotic
gene.
a.

b.

5. Name and
describe in detail the two steps of gene expression. In your description indicate where in the
cell each step occurs, the molecule from which information is copied, enzymes
involved and the final product of each step.

6. The nucleotide sequence of a hypothetical
gene is:
T A C A T A C T
T A G T T A C G T CG C C C G G A A A T A T
a.
What will be the sequence on the mRNA when it is
transcribed?
b.
What will be the amino acid sequence of the protein
when it’s translated? (use the Genetic Code table on page 156)
c.
What would happen to the amino acid chain if the
highlighted nucleotide underwent a mutation and was changed to an adenine?
7. DNA replication is a natural process
whereas the Polymerase Chain Reaction is preformed within the lab to amplify
small amounts of DNA. List the “ingredients”
necessary for PCR and describe the function of each.
8. Describe the steps of a single round of
PCR specifically indicating the roles of heating and cooling.
9. Describe the process of gel
electrophoresis. What determines how far
each piece of DNA will travel through the gel?
10. Answer question 13 page 136. Also, answer question 18 b (which man is the
father of the child?) and explain your reasoning.

1. What are stem cells? Where are they found? What types of cells do they produce? And why are stem cells important for tissue
health?

2. Define each of the following terms:
Cellular
differentiation:
Differential gene expression:
Embryonic stem
cells:
Adult stem
cells:
Multipotent:
Pluripotent:
Totipotent:

3. Indicate
what, if any, difference there is in differentiation potential between adult
and embryonic stem cells.

4. Some
scientists argue that embryonic stem cells have greater therapeutic value than
do adult stem cells. Why?

5. Outline the
process of somatic cell nuclear transplantation and describe the two potential
outcomes of the process.