PHI 208 Final Exam (New 2016) A++++++

1. According to Jeremy Bentham (as described by Singer) what should determine whether a being’s interests should be taken into account? Whether they have the faculty of discourseWhether they can reasonWhether they can sufferWhether they are capable of love2. In the video “Drones Are Not Ethical and Effective,” Jeremy Waldron argues that drones are not ethical because their use involvestotal transparency and accountabilitythe assurance that only combatants will be targetedthe maintenance of a secret death list by government authoritiesall of the above3. Rachels claims that: there is no moral difference between active and passive euthanasia, considered in themselves.there is always a moral difference between the consequences of active and passive euthanasia.both a and b.neither a nor b4. The conventional doctrine is endorsed by: Rachels.the American Medical Association.both a and b.neither a nor b5. Which answer best describes Noddings’s statements about how mothers frequently to feel about losing their children in war? Mothers rest assured that the deaths of their children was fully justified by the good they did in the warMothers often allow their desire to demonstrate patriotism to override their natural opposition to war and the death of their childrenMothers universally oppose war and the death of children that it inevitably bringsMothers are generally more enthusiastic for war than anyone else because they know it will make the world safer for future generations6. According to Rachels, the “conventional doctrine” maintains that: active euthanasia is sometimes permissible, but passive euthanasia never is.passive euthanasia is sometimes permissible, but active euthanasia never is.both active and passive euthanasia are sometimes permissible.neither active nor passive euthanasia are ever permissible7. In the article “War and Massacre,” Thomas Nagel argues that moral absolutism is consistent with the principles of utilitarianismcan be used to justify genocideis primarily concerned with what a person is doingis primarily concerned with the outcome of a person’s actions8. According to Midgley, moral isolationism Is a “perverse indulgence of the self-righteous.”Is based on skeptical diagnosis.Stems from concern about hypocrisy.Justifies immorality.9. How do we determine the difference between higher and lower pleasures, according to Mill? The relative duration and intensity.The preference of those who are acquainted with both.The amount of happiness they produce on average.We can’t, since there is no difference between pleasures.10. Gilligan claims that females tend to see relationships as these HierarchiesWebsRulesDuties11. In the video “Sexism in the News Media 2012” some newscasters blame military women for this being killed in combatbeing rapednot being able to have childrenbeing war heroes12. According to Kant, the moral worth of an action: 3lies in its conformity to the moral law.lies in the value of the expected result.lies in its conformity to God’s commands.lies in its usefulness to society.13. Which of the following are questions in the Bechdel test? Is there more than one female character?Do they speak to each other?When they speak to each other, do they talk about something other than a man?all of the above14. In Kant Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals, the maxim of an act is: the policy or principle that you would be following if you did it.the expected overall utility resulting from the action.the moral rule that an act either respects or violates .all of the above15. According to Rachels, the case of Smith and Jones shows that: killing is intrinsically worse than letting die.there is no intrinsic moral difference between killing and letting die.letting die is morally worse than killing.it is never permissible either to let someone die or to kill them16. According to Aristotle, we should begin ethical inquiry by specifying: which things are intrinsically valuable.the ultimate aim of all that we do.what our fundamental duties are.what constraints on behavior it would be reasonable to agree to17. According to Thomas Hill’s account of environmental ethics, a person might show a lack of virtue when they: fail to realize that human needs and interests are worthless and unimportant.fail find any aesthetic value in nature.fail to recognize the rights of non sentient beings.All of the above18. Reason is a faculty that we have that: is only good if it succeeds in satisfying our desires.is the driving principle of a good will.is the fundamental ground of human dignity.both B and C19. Aristotle states that if we ask what the highest good of human action is: there is no agreement about the answer.most people agree that it is pleasure.nearly everyone agrees that it is happiness.there is no objective answer to this question20. Kant explains that respect for a person is: the recognition of the worth of the person’s potential contribution tosociety.dependent upon whether the person respects others.both A and Bnone of the above21. According to Leon Kass, the drive to legalize euthanasia can be largely attributed to the rise in a largely technical approach to healing.an increase in our sympathy.an increased respect for human dignity.the secularization of modern society22. According to Rachels, active euthanasia is currently: forbidden by law, and conventionally considered immoral.forbidden by law, but conventionally considered permissible.permitted by law, but conventionally considered immoral.permitted by law, and conventionally considered permissible23. Kant claims that a good will is: the only thing that can be called good with qualification.the only thing that can be called good without qualification.the indispensable condition for happiness.both B and C24. Aristotle claims that the function of human life is: survival and reproduction.service to the gods. rational activity. to pursue pleasure25. Aristotle conceives of a virtue as: a rule that tells you what the right action is.a state of character that enables practically wise choices.a positive self-image.a way to gain as much pleasure as possible26. According to the scene from The Bridge on the River Kwai, what is the ultimate reason Colonel Nicholson (Alec Guinness) insists that the soldiers work hard to build the best bridge possible: Because even in captivity, they know that God is watching them. So that the British forces will be able to fight the Japanese more effectively. Because the better the bridge, the more benefit they will receive and less punishment they will endure from their captors. Because it is an expression of the strength and dignity of a soldier even in captivity27. Why is it hard for physicians to understand palliative care? They do not care about their patients enough.They are well-educated in palliative care.They did not pay attention in medical school.They are focused on healing rather than helping die28. According to Tom Regan, what is fundamentally wrong with our current system? It mistreats animals in captivityIt does not adequately reduce the number of experiments to only what is medically necessaryIt treats animals as resources; as though they exist for usThat it doesn’t utilize animals enough for beneficial purposes29. Glaukon thinks that deep in our hearts we all believe that Injustice is more profitable than justice.We will have a clearer conscience if we always stick to the laws of justice.To be unjust is to be a fool.Both B and C30. According to Midgely, moral isolationism leads to Is a “perverse indulgence of the self-righteous.”Is based on skeptical diagnosis.Stems from concern about hypocrisy.Justifies immorality31. Peter Singer’s “basic principles of equality” applied to animals means: Animals should be given all the same rights as human beings.Animals are not entitled to not all the same rights but to an equal consideration of interests.Animals should not be given the same moral consideration because they are do not have the same power to reason as humans.Animals do not have rights unless they can demonstrate the same abilities as humans32. The Ring of Gyges gave the shepherd who found it IntelligenceInvincibilityInvisibilityWisdom33. What moral theory does Jeremy Bentham (with whom Singer seems to agree) endorse? Moral relativismAnarchismUtilitarianismSocial Contract Theory34. According to Kant, suicide is: Moral if and only if one’s life becomes too burdensome.Moral if and only if it relieves other people’s burdens.Immoral because it involves treating one’s autonomous will merely as a means to the relief of suffering.Immoral because it condemns one to eternal damnation.35. If the Ring of Gyges really existed, Just people would use it for justice. Just people would not use it at all. Unjust people would use it differently than just people. Everyone would use it the same.36. Kenneth Anderson argues that the fact that drones make the resort to force easier means that enemies will always be too afraid to attack usdoes not mean that drones make the resort to force too easymeans that we should instead favor cruise missilesall of the above37. Which of the following does not describe how egg-laying hens are treated in factory farms? They tend to have it much better than meat hensThey are kept in such tight confinement that they cannot lift their wings They are starved into a period of ‘forced molting’ They have their beaks painfully seared off38. What is Tom Regan’s position about the use of animals in research and agriculture? Animals should be used whenever it can be proven that the human benefits outweigh the harms caused to the animalsAnimals should never be used for medical research or commercial agricultureAnimals should only be used for medical research shown to be beneficial to humanity, never for agricultureAnimals should be used in both medical research and agriculture but should be treated as humanely as possible39. In Hill’s example, what did the wealthy eccentric man do to his yard after he bought a new house? cut down an avocado treecovered the yard with asphaltremodeled the kitchen1 and 240. Which of the following makes it difficult to calculate the utility of an act the time frame of the consequencesdisagreements about the meaning of pleasure or happinessdetermining what constitutes the greatest goodall of the above41. Rachels concludes that: active euthanasia is always worse than passive euthanasia.passive euthanasia is always worse than active euthanasia.active euthanasia is always morally permissible.none of the above42. According to the video “Religion, War, and Violence,” Just War Theory asserts that military intervention can be seen as an act of altruismmust always have an altruistic componentmust be primarily an act of altruismmust never have an altruistic component43. Hill would claim that a lack of aesthetic perception might indicate an inability to appreciate the true value of things in general. might indicate that the person simply has a different set of subjective tastes. might indicate that one lacks a precise philosophical account of the beautiful. might indicate an inability to express proper self-deception44. Midgley analyzes the position that each society is a separate culture with its own values. This position is known as Moral relativismMoral isolationismMoral structuralismMoral voluntarism45. Robinson argues that honor Encourages restraint in warfare`Encourages heroism in warfareEncourages the waging of warEncourages abuse in warfareAll of the above 46. Robinson describes magnanimity and integrity as both primarily concerned with what? HonorWealthCourageGenerosity47. Thomas Nagel argues that all rules of engagement should be governed by the utilitarian principle that any means can be justified if it leads to a worthy endthe greatest good can justify targeting noncombatantswe are always justified in attacking the tyranny of the majoritynone of the above48. According to Held, the following have been aligned with femininity in the history of Western thought emotion weakness passion all of the above49. Feminist ethics is based around which of the following ideas That abstract universal principles can be applied to most situations to find the best action.That maximizing something like happiness or pleasure is the best way to guide action.That emotions can be cultivated and ought to be taken into account in ethical theory.That all humans are autonomous individuals who battle for resources50. According to Colin Stokes, in this film all the heroic, wise, and villainous characters are female. The Little Mermaid Star Wars The Wizard of Oz Les Miserables