52 multiple-choice questions

(2 points) Synaptic pruning is the process by which neurons seldom stimulated lose their connective fibersthe two brain hemispheres lateralize during early childhoodneural fibers become myelinated as a result of stimulation of the brainnew synaptic connections are formed by environmental stimulation2 (2 points) Donnie and Vinny are playing with similar objects in the same room, without looking at one another at all. They are engaging in _____ play. nonsocialparallelcooperativeassociative3 (2 points) Robert was upset when his family car hit a dog. Although the dog was OK and ran away, Robert insisted that his father go back and “Run over the dog backwards, so he’ll be okay.” Although incorrect in this assumption, Robert is displaying egocentric thoughtidiosyncratic reasoninghierarchical classificationreversibility of thought4 (2 points) Understanding that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same even though their outward appearance has changed is egocentrismobject permanenceanimismconservation5 (2 points) Which of the developmental trends matches most closely with the maturation rates of the two hemispheres of the brain? spatial skills develop very rapidly in early childhoodcontrol over the arms develops before control over the feetchildren show a strong hand preference from birthlanguage skills develop very rapidly in early childhood6 (2 points) A major factor that determines what foods children will prefer is their genetic preference for very salty foodsrepeated exposure to a fooddirect pressure to eat a particular type of foodtheir genetic preference for very sweet foods7 (2 points) When parents have difficulty controlling their own anger adn hostility, their children tend to be more empathicbe fearful and shyhave problems regulating emotionhave higher IQs8 (2 points) A set of attitudes, abilities, and values that define an individual are known as identificationthe self-conceptself-knowledgeindividuation9 (2 points) While Jesse plays, his mother comments and encourages him without giving direct instructions. This form of supportive communication is known as bootstrappingdiscovery learningguided participationscaffolding10 (2 points) Which of the following statements about sex differences in aggression is true? As soon as children become aware of gender stereotypes, overt aggression drops off for boysPreschool and school-age girls are just as aggressive than boysGirls are more likely to engage in overt aggressionBoys are more likely to engage in relational aggression11 (2 points) ____ hormone and ____ hormone are pituitary hormones that affect children’s growth luteinizing; thyroid-stimulatinggrowth; melanocyte-stimulatinggrowth; thyroid-stimulatingluteinizing; melanocyte-stimulating 12 (2 points) Researchers at a child-care center observed children who had been physically abused. Compared to their nonabused peers, abused children were more likely to ____ when another child was in distress be more empathicseek the help of an adultcryrespond with anger13 (2 points) Christine frequently plays alone with puzzles, crayons, and construction materials. It is likely that Christine is cognitively but not socially delayedbright and socially competentcognitively and socially delayedsocially delayed but bright14 (2 points) Natascha wants to design a play environment that will enhance the make-believe play of her preschoolers. WHich of the following things should she do? Offer a wide variety of realistic materials as well as materials without a clear functionLimit the amount of space and play materials so that the children will not be distracted from themake-believe taskAllow the children to resolve their own disagreements without adult interferenceSelect the topic for play and then direct the children’s activities15 (2 points) Children who spend more time in sociodramatic play are at risk for social rejectionless socially competentadvanced in cognitive developmentmore physically skilled than their agemates16 (2 points) Young Fletcher notices a four-legged creature and calls it a ‘dog’, ignoring the telltale facial features and stripes that indicate the creature is a tiger. Fletcher is demonstrating irreversibilitycentrationconservationperception bound thought17 (2 points) The best way of estimating a child’s physical maturity is to use skeletal ageweightheighthead circumference18 (2 points) According to Piaget, which of the following would have the greatest impact on mental representation for a child in the preoperational stage? playing with a ballasking a parent to get a balldreaming about a balllooking at a ball19 (2 points) On the average, 2- and 3- year-olds need ____ hours of sleep and 4- to 6- year-olds need _____ hours 10 to 11; 8 to 914 to 15; 10 to 1114 to 15; 8 to 912 to 13; 10 to 1120 (2 points) Piaget used the term _______ to describe mental representations of actions that obey logical rules organizationoperationsfunctionprograms21 (2 points) During early childhood, on the average, children grow about _____ inches and gain about ______ pounds each year. 3 to 4; 101 to 2; 104 to 5 52 to 3; 522 (2 points) According to Vygotsky, children speak to themselves because they are lonelyfor the pleasure of hearing their own voicebecause they are egocentricfor self-guidance23 (2 points) Myelination of the ____ throughout early childhood and into adolescence contributes to improvements in sustained, controlled attention cerebellumreticular formationfrontal lobeparietal lobe24 (2 points) A decline in appetite during the preschool years suggests a pituitary hormone disorderoccurs because growth has slowedis an early sign of deprivation dwarfismindicates a deficiency of thyroxine25 (2 points) Right-handed children are more likely than left-handed children to be weakly lateralizeddevelop outstanding verbal and mathematical skillslie turned toward the left during the prenatal periodbe ambidextrous26 (2 points) _______ refers to the judgements we make bout our own worth and the feelings associated with those judgements emotional self-regulationSelf-conceptself-esteemself-consciousness27 (2 points) In comparing Piaget’s and vygotsky’s theories, Piaget’s theory paid more attention to the development of basic cognitive processesVygotsky, but not Piaget, attempted to understand the significance of children’s private speechVygotsky placed more emphasis on skills such as categorization and problem-solvingPiaget’s theory pointed out the importance of children’s communication with caregivers28 (2 points) Which of the following is 3-year-old Leah most likely to believe is alive? the kitchen tablea rocka crayona train29 (2 points) Neo-Piagetian theorists combine Piaget’s stage approach with an emphasis on ethologybehavioral theoryinformation processingpsychoanalytic thought30 (2 points) ______ has/have been shown to strengthen attention, memory, logical reasoning, language, imagination, and creativity Fine motor tasksMake-believe playAnimistic thinkingSensorimotor activity31 (2 points) The original inspiration for the cognitive-developmental approach to morality was the ethological theoristswork of Piagetinformation-processing theory of cognitionbelief that moral development is a lifelong process32 (2 points) Which of these influences has the strongest effect on the age at which children lose their primary teeth? Prolonged malnutritionOral hygieneEnvironmental pollutionBreast- versus bottle- feeding33 (2 points) At what point are helpful and generous models most influential on children’s prosocial behavior? toddlerhoodduring the early elementary yearsinfancyduring the preschool years34 (2 points) Seth’s parents make sure to provide him with lots of rich, real-world experiences and restrict his television viewing to one hour of “Sesame Street” per week. Which of the following statements about Seth is probably accurate? Seth has limites social knowledge to incorporate into fantasy playSeth’s parents are limiting his ability to engage in fantasy playSeth’s fantasy play will contain many violent themesSeth’s fantasy play involves very little aggressive behavior35 (2 points) An overproduction of ____ during early childhood supports the plasticity of the brain dendritesaxonssynapsesglial cells36 (2 points) In Freud’s theory, a young girl identifies with her mother by doing new activities with her motherrejecting her father altogetherfeeling that her mother loves her unconditionallytaking on her mother’s characteristics, including morals and gender-role standards37 (2 points) According to Piaget, the preoperational stage begins at _____ and ends at _____ 2 years; 7 years7 years; 10 years4 years; 6 yearsbirth; 4 years38 (2 points) X-rays of ______ permit doctors to estimate children’s progress toward physical maturity growth cellsepiiphysesfontannelscartilage cells39 (2 points) Which of the following is supported by research on sleep? About half of preschoolers experience frequent difficulty falling and staying asleepMost children begin having night mares during toddlerhoodBedtime rituals become less important to children during the preschool years than they wre dureing toddlerhoodIn some cultures, daytime napping persists throughtou adulthood40 (2 points) Parents use ______ with boys than girls fewer time outsless physical discipline and more “reasoning”more consistent disciplineharsher discipline41 (2 points) The make-believe play with others that first appears between 2 and 3 years is called sociodramatic playparallel playegocentric playanimistic play42 (2 points) Sean and Jordan are playing in the sandbox. Sean says, “Use the wet sand for the castle. No, the blocks will be best. Were are the blocks?” Jordan is playing with a truck at the other end of the sandbox. According to Piaget, Sean’s speech is communicativeadaptiveegocentricprivate43 (2 points) When 4-year-old Nicholas sees a tree blowing in the wind, he says, “Look! The tree is waving at!” Nicholas is demonstrating dual representationcentrationanimistic thinkingconservation44 (2 points) Cross-cultural research demonstrates that growth norms vary within a culture and vary by socioeconomic statusvary by cultureare not good standards against which to judge health problems for children in nonindustrialized countriesare universal45 (2 points) Children and adults who exhibit either masculine or androgynous characteristics are maladjustedare extremely rareare higher in self-esteempossess neither feminine nor masculine characteristics46 (2 points) A major change in represrntation that increases steadily from 4 to 8 years of age is the appearance of self-directed sociodramatic playdirecting pretend actions toward other objectsthe awareness that make-believe is a representational activitythe use of less realistic toys in make-believe play47 (2 points) The gland located at the base of the brain that releases hormones affecting physical growth is the ____ gland thyroidciliaryadrenalpituitary48 (2 points) Cartoon TV shows designed specifically for children are less violent than adult showshave no effect on aggression, since children do not understand themcontain more acts of violence than any other type of programactually decrease aggression by providing an acceptable emotional outlet49 (2 points) As children move from the sensorimotor to the preoperational stage, the use of objects in play become more functinal and realisticthinking becomes related to logical rulesmake-believe play dimishessymbolic mental activity increases50 (2 points) According to Erikson, _____ is a means through which preschools can try new skills with little risk of criticism and failure playdaydreaminghaving a temper tantrumdisplaying sympathy51 (2 points) The _____ is a structure at the rear and base of the brain that aids in balance and control of body movement spinal cordcerebral cortexcorpus callosumcerebellum52 (2 points) By age 7, American low-SES children are, on the average, About 1 inch shorter than the average for middle-SES childrenMuch more variable in size compared to middle-SES childrenNo different in size than their middle-SES agematesComparable to low-SES children in other industrialized countries