CRIMINAL LAW REFORM

Version:1.0 StartHTML:000000282 EndHTML:000030374 StartFragment:000029303 EndFragment:000030248 StartSelection:000029303 EndSelection:000030238 SourceURL:https://lms.grantham.edu/webapps/blackboard/content/listContent.jsp?course_id=_49459_1&content_id=_4046982_1&mode=reset  Week 2 “Crime and Victimization” – CJ101 Intro to …   window.NREUM||(NREUM={}),__nr_require=function(e,n,t){function r(t){if(!n[t]){var o=n[t]={exports:{}};e[t][0].call(o.exports,function(n){var o=e[t][1][n];return r(o||n)},o,o.exports)}return n[t].exports}if(“function”==typeof __nr_require)return __nr_require;for(var o=0;o<t.length;o++)r(t[o]);return r}({1:[function(e,n,t){function r(){}function o(e,n,t){return function(){return i(e,[c.now()].concat(u(arguments)),n?null:this,t),n?void 0:this}}var i=e(“handle”),a=e(2),u=e(3),f=e(“ee”).get(“tracer”),c=e(“loader”),s=NREUM;”undefined”==typeof window.newrelic&&(newrelic=s);var p=[“setPageViewName”,”setCustomAttribute”,”setErrorHandler”,”finished”,”addToTrace”,”inlineHit”,”addRelease”],d=”api-“,l=d+”ixn-“;a(p,function(e,n){s[n]=o(d+n,!0,”api”)}),s.addPageAction=o(d+”addPageAction”,!0),s.setCurrentRouteName=o(d+”routeName”,!0),n.exports=newrelic,s.interaction=function(){return(new r).get()};var m=r.prototype={createTracer:function(e,n){var t={},r=this,o=”function”==typeof n;return i(l+”tracer”,[c.now(),e,t],r),function(){if(f.emit((o?””:”no-“)+”fn-start”,[c.now(),r,o],t),o)try{return n.apply(this,arguments)}finally{f.emit(“fn-end”,[c.now()],t)}}}};a(“setName,setAttribute,save,ignore,onEnd,getContext,end,get”.split(“,”),function(e,n){m[n]=o(l+n)}),newrelic.noticeError=function(e){“string”==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),i(“err”,[e,c.now()])}},{}],2:[function(e,n,t){function r(e,n){var t=[],r=””,i=0;for(r in e)o.call(e,r)&&(t[i]=n(r,e[r]),i+=1);return t}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;n.exports=r},{}],3:[function(e,n,t){function r(e,n,t){n||(n=0),”undefined”==typeof t&&(t=e?e.length:0);for(var r=-1,o=t-n||0,i=Array(o<0?0:o);++r<o;)i[r]=e[n+r];return i}n.exports=r},{}],4:[function(e,n,t){n.exports={exists:”undefined”!=typeof window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&”undefined”!=typeof window.performance.timing.navigationStart}},{}],ee:[function(e,n,t){function r(){}function o(e){function n(e){return e&&e instanceof r?e:e?f(e,u,i):i()}function t(t,r,o,i){if(!d.aborted||i){e&&e(t,r,o);for(var a=n(o),u=m(t),f=u.length,c=0;c<f;c++)u[c].apply(a,r);var p=s[y[t]];return p&&p.push([b,t,r,a]),a}}function l(e,n){v[e]=m(e).concat(n)}function m(e){return v[e]||[]}function w(e){return p[e]=p[e]||o(t)}function g(e,n){c(e,function(e,t){n=n||”feature”,y[t]=n,n in s||(s[n]=[])})}var v={},y={},b={on:l,emit:t,get:w,listeners:m,context:n,buffer:g,abort:a,aborted:!1};return b}function i(){return new r}function a(){(s.api||s.feature)&&(d.aborted=!0,s=d.backlog={})}var u=”[email protected]”,f=e(“gos”),c=e(2),s={},p={},d=n.exports=o();d.backlog=s},{}],gos:[function(e,n,t){function r(e,n,t){if(o.call(e,n))return e[n];var r=t();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,n,{value:r,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),r}catch(i){}return e[n]=r,r}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;n.exports=r},{}],handle:[function(e,n,t){function r(e,n,t,r){o.buffer([e],r),o.emit(e,n,t)}var o=e(“ee”).get(“handle”);n.exports=r,r.ee=o},{}],id:[function(e,n,t){function r(e){var n=typeof e;return!e||”object”!==n&&”function”!==n?-1:e===window?0:a(e,i,function(){return o++})}var o=1,i=”[email protected]”,a=e(“gos”);n.exports=r},{}],loader:[function(e,n,t){function r(){if(!x++){var e=h.info=NREUM.info,n=d.getElementsByTagName(“script”)[0];if(setTimeout(s.abort,3e4),!(e&&e.licenseKey&&e.applicationID&&n))return s.abort();c(y,function(n,t){e[n]||(e[n]=t)}),f(“mark”,[“onload”,a()+h.offset],null,”api”);var t=d.createElement(“script”);t.src=”https://”+e.agent,n.parentNode.insertBefore(t,n)}}function o(){“complete”===d.readyState&&i()}function i(){f(“mark”,[“domContent”,a()+h.offset],null,”api”)}function a(){return E.exists&&performance.now?Math.round(performance.now()):(u=Math.max((new Date).getTime(),u))-h.offset}var u=(new Date).getTime(),f=e(“handle”),c=e(2),s=e(“ee”),p=window,d=p.document,l=”addEventListener”,m=”attachEvent”,w=p.XMLHttpRequest,g=w&&w.prototype;NREUM.o={ST:setTimeout,SI:p.setImmediate,CT:clearTimeout,XHR:w,REQ:p.Request,EV:p.Event,PR:p.Promise,MO:p.MutationObserver};var v=””+location,y={beacon:”bam.nr-data.net”,errorBeacon:”bam.nr-data.net”,agent:”js-agent.newrelic.com/nr-1044.min.js”},b=w&&g&&g[l]&&!/CriOS/.test(navigator.userAgent),h=n.exports={offset:u,now:a,origin:v,features:{},xhrWrappable:b};e(1),d[l]?(d[l](“DOMContentLoaded”,i,!1),p[l](“load”,r,!1)):(d[m](“onreadystatechange”,o),p[m](“onload”,r)),f(“mark”,[“firstbyte”,u],null,”api”);var x=0,E=e(4)},{}]},{},[“loader”]); 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    LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘float.format’] = ‘^(([0-9]{1,3}(\\,[0-9]{3})*)|[0-9]*)(\\.[0-9]+)?$’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.NAME.SORT_COLUMN’] = ‘familyName’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.SHORT’] = ‘{1} {3}’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.DAY_SHORT.02097’] = ‘SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘float.allow.negative.format’] = ‘^((([-]?[0-9]{1,3}(\\,[0-9]{3})*)|[-]?[0-9]*)(\\.[0-9]+)?|\\.[0-9]+)?$’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.CALENDAR_TYPE’] = ‘GREGORIAN’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.GIVEN_INITIAL_FAMILY_NAME’] = ‘{4} {3}’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘efloat.format’] = ‘^[+-]?[0-9]*(\\.[0-9]+)?([eE][+-]?[0-9]+)?$’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.CALENDAR_TITLE_FORMAT_WEEK.03260’] = ‘MMM d[ yyyy]{ \’—\'[ MMM] d yyyy}’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.MONTH_FULL.02100’] = ‘January February March April May June July August September October November December’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.NUMBERS_HIJRI_LOCALIZED.00521’] = ‘NO’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.LONG’] = ‘{0} {1} {2} {3}’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.MONTH_FULL_HIJRI.02100’] = ‘Muḥarram,á¹¢afar,RabÄ«Ê¿\’al-Awwal,RabÄ«Ê¿\’ath-ThānÄ«,Jumādā\’al-Ūlā,Jumādā\’ath-Thāniya,Rajab,ShaÊ¿bān,Ramaḍān,Shawwāl,DhÅ«\’al-QaÊ¿da,DhÅ«\’al-Ḥijja’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.REPORT_FONT_NAME.03169’] = ‘ARIAL.TTF’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.WORK_FIELD_ORDER’] = ‘JOB_TITLE DEPARTMENT COMPANY B_PHONE_1 B_PHONE_2 B_FAX’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.GREETING’] = ‘Welcome, {1}’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.MONTH_SHORT.00520’] = ‘Jan Feb  Mar Apr  May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.REPORT_FONT_SIZE.03168’] = ‘8’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘number_format.thousands_sep’] = ‘,’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.CALENDAR_COLUMN_FORMAT_WEEK.03256’] = ‘ddd M/d’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.SHORT_SURNAME’] = ‘{3}, {1}’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.AM_PM.00522’] = ‘AM PM’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.DATE_ORDER.00519’] = ‘MDY’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.PHONE_FIELD_ORDER’] = ‘H_PHONE_1 H_PHONE_2 H_FAX M_PHONE’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.DAY_MIN.02099’] = ‘Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.24HR_SUPPORT.03208’] = ‘0’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.REPORT_FONT_PATH.03170’] = ‘C:/WINNT/Fonts’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK.03207’] = ‘0’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘BBI18N.WINDOWS_CHARSET’] = ‘ISO-8859-1’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.MONTH_SHORT_HIJRI.00520’] = ‘Muḥarram,á¹¢afar,RabÄ«Ê¿\’I,RabÄ«Ê¿\’II,Jumādā\’I,Jumādā\’II,Rajab,ShaÊ¿bān,Ramaḍān,Shawwāl,DhÅ«\’al-QaÊ¿da,DhÅ«\’al-Ḥijja’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘BBI18N.LINUX_CHARSET’] = ‘iso88591’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.DAY_CHARACTER.03253’] = ”;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.MONTH_CHARACTER.03254’] = ”;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.NAME.COLUMN_ORDER’] = ‘title,givenName,middleName,familyName,suffix,otherName’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.CALENDAR_TITLE_FORMAT_DAY.03258’] = ‘dddd, MMM d, yyyy’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘number_format.decimal_point’] = ‘.’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.DAYS.00521′] = ’01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.DAY_FULL.02098’] = ‘Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.date_display_pattern’] = ‘MM/DD/YY’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.EXTENDED_SURNAME’] = ‘{3}’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘thousand.sep.format’] = ‘,’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.NUMBERS_HIJRI.00521’] = ‘0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.ADDRESS_ORDER.07832’] = ‘street,city,region,postal_code,country’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.CALENDAR_COLUMN_FORMAT_DAY.03257’] = ‘dddd M/d’;      LOCALE_SETTINGS.getString = i18n_get_string;     LOCALE_SETTINGS.getFormattedString = i18n_get_formatted_string;  }  _init_bundle_LOCALE_SETTINGS();     var LOCALE_SETTINGS = new Object();  function _init_bundle_LOCALE_SETTINGS() {      LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.ADDRESS_FIELD_ORDER’] = ‘STREET_1 STREET_2 CITY STATE ZIP_CODE COUNTRY’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘number_format.exponent’] = ‘eE’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.YEAR_CHARACTER.03255’] = ”;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.NAME.COLUMN.2’] = ‘{1}’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.CALENDAR_COLUMN_FORMAT_MONTH.03255’] = ‘ddd’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘BBI18N.SOLARIS_CHARSET’] = ‘ISO8859-1’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.NAME.COLUMN.1’] = ‘{0}’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.internal_date_format’] = ‘MM/dd/yy’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.CALENDAR_TITLE_FORMAT_MONTH.03259’] = ‘MMMM yyyy’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.TIME_ORDER.00519’] = ‘HMP’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘float.format’] = ‘^(([0-9]{1,3}(\\,[0-9]{3})*)|[0-9]*)(\\.[0-9]+)?$’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.NAME.SORT_COLUMN’] = ‘familyName’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.SHORT’] = ‘{1} {3}’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.DAY_SHORT.02097’] = ‘SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘float.allow.negative.format’] = ‘^((([-]?[0-9]{1,3}(\\,[0-9]{3})*)|[-]?[0-9]*)(\\.[0-9]+)?|\\.[0-9]+)?$’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.CALENDAR_TYPE’] = ‘GREGORIAN’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.GIVEN_INITIAL_FAMILY_NAME’] = ‘{4} {3}’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘efloat.format’] = ‘^[+-]?[0-9]*(\\.[0-9]+)?([eE][+-]?[0-9]+)?$’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.CALENDAR_TITLE_FORMAT_WEEK.03260’] = ‘MMM d[ yyyy]{ \’—\'[ MMM] d yyyy}’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.MONTH_FULL.02100’] = ‘January February March April May June July August September October November December’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.NUMBERS_HIJRI_LOCALIZED.00521’] = ‘NO’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.LONG’] = ‘{0} {1} {2} {3}’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.MONTH_FULL_HIJRI.02100’] = ‘Muḥarram,á¹¢afar,RabÄ«Ê¿\’al-Awwal,RabÄ«Ê¿\’ath-ThānÄ«,Jumādā\’al-Ūlā,Jumādā\’ath-Thāniya,Rajab,ShaÊ¿bān,Ramaḍān,Shawwāl,DhÅ«\’al-QaÊ¿da,DhÅ«\’al-Ḥijja’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.REPORT_FONT_NAME.03169’] = ‘ARIAL.TTF’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.WORK_FIELD_ORDER’] = ‘JOB_TITLE DEPARTMENT COMPANY B_PHONE_1 B_PHONE_2 B_FAX’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.GREETING’] = ‘Welcome, {1}’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.MONTH_SHORT.00520’] = ‘Jan Feb  Mar Apr  May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.REPORT_FONT_SIZE.03168’] = ‘8’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘number_format.thousands_sep’] = ‘,’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.CALENDAR_COLUMN_FORMAT_WEEK.03256’] = ‘ddd M/d’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.SHORT_SURNAME’] = ‘{3}, {1}’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.AM_PM.00522’] = ‘AM PM’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.DATE_ORDER.00519’] = ‘MDY’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.PHONE_FIELD_ORDER’] = ‘H_PHONE_1 H_PHONE_2 H_FAX M_PHONE’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.DAY_MIN.02099’] = ‘Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.24HR_SUPPORT.03208’] = ‘0’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.REPORT_FONT_PATH.03170’] = ‘C:/WINNT/Fonts’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK.03207’] = ‘0’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘BBI18N.WINDOWS_CHARSET’] = ‘ISO-8859-1’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.MONTH_SHORT_HIJRI.00520’] = ‘Muḥarram,á¹¢afar,RabÄ«Ê¿\’I,RabÄ«Ê¿\’II,Jumādā\’I,Jumādā\’II,Rajab,ShaÊ¿bān,Ramaḍān,Shawwāl,DhÅ«\’al-QaÊ¿da,DhÅ«\’al-Ḥijja’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘BBI18N.LINUX_CHARSET’] = ‘iso88591’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.DAY_CHARACTER.03253’] = ”;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.MONTH_CHARACTER.03254’] = ”;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.NAME.COLUMN_ORDER’] = ‘title,givenName,middleName,familyName,suffix,otherName’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.CALENDAR_TITLE_FORMAT_DAY.03258’] = ‘dddd, MMM d, yyyy’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘number_format.decimal_point’] = ‘.’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.DAYS.00521′] = ’01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.DAY_FULL.02098’] = ‘Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.date_display_pattern’] = ‘MM/DD/YY’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.EXTENDED_SURNAME’] = ‘{3}’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘thousand.sep.format’] = ‘,’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.NUMBERS_HIJRI.00521’] = ‘0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.ADDRESS_ORDER.07832’] = ‘street,city,region,postal_code,country’;     LOCALE_SETTINGS[‘LOCALE_SETTINGS.CALENDAR_COLUMN_FORMAT_DAY.03257’] = ‘dddd M/d’;      LOCALE_SETTINGS.getString = i18n_get_string;     LOCALE_SETTINGS.getFormattedString = i18n_get_formatted_string;  }  _init_bundle_LOCALE_SETTINGS();                            
Reforming Criminal LawIn chapter four of the text, the authors present eight different topics that have been subject to some type of criminal law reform. Some of them are established reforms; others are still changing with the times.Select one of the eight topics presented in the text, and answer the following questions in the form of an essay:What caused the perceived need for the law or change in the law?If laws were passed was the goal they intended to achieve reached? If yes explain how, if not explain why not.Were there any unintended consequences of the law?Is there a need to further amend the law? If so was something over looked in the original law or did circumstances change?Based on what you have learned about the topic you chose is there any change you would recommend to that law now? If so what would it be and what would it accomplish. please use  one of these Public intoxication, stalking, prohibiting assisted suicide, clarifying rape, controlling technology, protecting the environment, legalizing marijuana, and responding to terrorism